HFS provides print and digital distribution for a distinguished list of university presses and nonprofit institutions. Sometimes called higher arithmetic, it is among the. MUSE delivers outstanding results to the scholarly community by maximizing revenues for publishers, providing value to libraries, and enabling access for scholars worldwide. number theory, branch of mathematics concerned with properties of the positive integers (1, 2, 3, ). Project MUSE is a leading provider of digital humanities and social sciences content, providing access to journal and book content from nearly 300 publishers. With warehouses on three continents, worldwide sales representation, and a robust digital publishing program, the Books Division connects Hopkins authors to scholars, experts, and educational and research institutions around the world. With critically acclaimed titles in history, science, higher education, consumer health, humanities, classics, and public health, the Books Division publishes 150 new books each year and maintains a backlist in excess of 3,000 titles.
#Basic number theory theorems professional#
The division also manages membership services for more than 50 scholarly and professional associations and societies. The Journals Division publishes 85 journals in the arts and humanities, technology and medicine, higher education, history, political science, and library science. The Press is home to the largest journal publication program of any U.S.-based university press. Thus, nowadays, we speak of Diophantine equations when we speak of polynomial equations to which rational or integer solutions must be found.One of the largest publishers in the United States, the Johns Hopkins University Press combines traditional books and journals publishing units with cutting-edge service divisions that sustain diversity and independence among nonprofit, scholarly publishers, societies, and associations.
1800 BCE) contains a list of " Pythagorean triples", that is, integers ( a, b, c ). The earliest historical find of an arithmetical nature is a fragment of a table: the broken clay tablet Plimpton 322 ( Larsa, Mesopotamia, ca. In particular, arithmetical is commonly preferred as an adjective to number-theoretic. (The word " arithmetic" is used by the general public to mean " elementary calculations" it has also acquired other meanings in mathematical logic, as in Peano arithmetic, and computer science, as in floating point arithmetic.) The use of the term arithmetic for number theory regained some ground in the second half of the 20th century, arguably in part due to French influence. By the early twentieth century, it had been superseded by "number theory". The older term for number theory is arithmetic. One may also study real numbers in relation to rational numbers, for example, as approximated by the latter ( Diophantine approximation). Questions in number theory are often best understood through the study of analytical objects (for example, the Riemann zeta function) that encode properties of the integers, primes or other number-theoretic objects in some fashion ( analytic number theory). Integers can be considered either in themselves or as solutions to equations ( Diophantine geometry). German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) said, "Mathematics is the queen of the sciences-and number theory is the queen of mathematics." Number theorists study prime numbers as well as the properties of mathematical objects made out of integers (for example, rational numbers) or defined as generalizations of the integers (for example, algebraic integers). Number theory (or arithmetic or higher arithmetic in older usage) is a branch of pure mathematics devoted primarily to the study of the integers and integer-valued functions. This Ulam spiral serves to illustrate it, hinting, in particular, at the conditional independence between being prime and being a value of certain quadratic polynomials.
The distribution of prime numbers is a central point of study in number theory.